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Infertility is a problem faced by many couples hoping to start, or enlarge their families. Overall about 15 percent of couples experience some type of infertility, which is defined as the inability to conceive after one year of unprotected sexual intercourse. Primary Infertility is used to designate those patients who have never conceived. Secondary infertility indicates that a patient has been pregnant but has failed to conceive during 1 or more years of unprotected intercourse.
For conception to occur, the following conditions must be met:
- The man must produce healthy, motile sperm. The sperm must be able to pass through the testes and deposited into the vagina.
- The sperm must be able to travel through the cervix, the uterus and fallopian tubes.
- The woman must be able to produce a healthy egg and ovulate into the fallopian tubes.
- The woman’s tubes must be open and able to capture the egg for its normal passage into the uterus.
- The uterus must be capable of accepting the early embryo so that implantation can occur.
 For fertilization to occur, a single egg and millions of sperm are produced, and egg and sperm meet in a carefully timed, intricate process. In the woman, an egg is release (ovulation) once in each cycle of approximately 28 days. In the man, sperm are continually produced in 90-day cycles. At ejaculation, up to 500 million sperm are released and must swim through the vagina, cervix, and uterus to meet the egg in the fallopian tube within hours of ovulation.
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